A new study reveals the most stressed cities in the world identified by quality of life, safety, pollution index, and more. 

Experts at ProVape.com recently conducted a study to identify the most stressed cities in the world. The study evaluated various factors including quality of life, safety, and pollution levels, along with stress-related habits such as smoking rates, obesity, and alcohol consumption. 

A final score was calculated by considering all these criteria and Athens, Greece came out on top with a stress index of 96.28. With a low safety index and a high rate of stress-related habits such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and over-eating, the city known for being one of the most ancient places in the world and the birthplace of democracy might not be as desirable as many think. Compared to other cities on the list, Athens has the highest smoking rate with 31.3% of people engaging in this habit.

Manila, Philippines ranks as the second most stressed city in the world, with a stress score of 95.15. It has the lowest quality of life score and one of the highest pollution indexes at 89.44. Cairo, Egypt comes in third, featuring the highest pollution index at 90.81. Although it has fewer stress-related habits than other cities, Cairo has the lowest alcohol consumption, with only 0.14 liters per person annually—75 times less than Athens.

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São Paulo, Brazil ranks fourth with a stress score of 91.26. It has the second-lowest safety index, surpassed only by Rio de Janeiro. São Paulo also has a lower smoking rate, with only 13.2% of the population engaging in the habit.

Budapest, Hungary is fifth, with a stress score of 90.02. Its smoking and obesity rates are similar to those of Athens, but Budapest has the highest alcohol consumption, exceeding 11 liters per person annually. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is sixth, with a stress score of 89.85. It has the lowest safety index at 22.64, nearly three times lower than Budapest. Like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro has fewer smokers and average pollution levels.

Mumbai, India ranks seventh with a stress score of 87.68. The city has a low quality of life score and high pollution, but higher safety rates compared to other ranked cities, second only to Budapest. Delhi, India holds the eighth spot, due to low safety rates and high pollution. It has fewer smokers at 24.3% and low obesity rates, with only 5.3% of the population affected.

Los Angeles, United States is ninth with a stress score of 84.99. Despite having the highest quality of life index at 144.53, it suffers from safety issues and pollution. Los Angeles also has the highest obesity rate in the ranking, with over 46% of its population affected. Bangalore, India rounds out the top ten with a stress score of 84.49. It boasts a high quality of life index but faces challenges with safety and pollution. Additionally, Bangalore has the highest smoking rate on the list, with 28.6% of its population being smokers.